God's Sovereignty in Affliction and Adversity
God's Sovereignty in Affliction and Adversity
The concept of God's sovereignty in affliction and adversity is rooted in biblical teachings that affirm God's control over all aspects of life, including suffering. According to Easton's Bible Dictionary, afflictions are "directed by God" and are for the "good of men" and the "glory of God" [1]. This understanding is supported by various biblical passages, such as Lamentations 3:33, which states that God does not afflict willingly.
The sovereignty of God in affliction is closely tied to His character, particularly His love and goodness. Torrey's Topical Textbook highlights that God's love is a fundamental aspect of His nature, describing it as "sovereign," "great," "abiding," and "unfailing" [2]. This love is not limited to the absence of suffering but is also present in the midst of it. As John Gill notes on 2 Corinthians 4:16, "our light affliction" is "but for a moment" and is working out "a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory" [4].
Different Christian traditions interpret the relationship between God's sovereignty and human suffering in various ways. The Baptist/Reformed tradition, represented by John Gill, emphasizes God's sovereignty in appointing and regulating afflictions. For instance, Gill comments on Psalm 119:149, "Consider mine affliction, and deliver me," highlighting God's role in both causing and relieving affliction [6]. In contrast, the Eastern Orthodox tradition, as represented by John Chrysostom, focuses on the redemptive value of suffering, citing 2 Corinthians 12:8-10 and Hebrews 12:3 [5].
The biblical basis for understanding God's sovereignty in affliction is multifaceted. Scripture teaches that God is the one who appoints afflictions (Job 5:6,7; Ps 66:11; Am 3:6) and regulates their measure and continuance (Ps 80:5; Isa 9:1; Jer 46:28) [3]. At the same time, the Bible assures believers that God is not pleased with the suffering of His people (Lam 3:33) and that He is glorified in their deliverance from affliction (Ps 112:4) [7].
Sources
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Afflictions — Common to all (Job 5:7; 14:1; Ps. 34:19); are for the good of men (James 1:2, 3, 12; 2 Cor. 12:7) and the glory of God (2 Cor. 12:7-10; 1 Pet. 4:14), and are to be borne with patience by the Lord's people (Ps. 94:12; Prov. 3:12). They are all directed by God (Lam. 3:33), and will result in the everlasting good of his people (2 Cor. 4:16-18) in Christ Jesus (Rom. 8:35-39).”
- Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Love of God, The — Is a part of his character -- 2Co 13:11; 1Jo 4:8. Christ, the especial object of -- Joh 15:9; 17:26. Christ abides in -- Joh 15:10. Described as Sovereign. -- De 7:8; 10:15. Great. -- Eph 2:4. Abiding. -- Zep 3:17. Unfailing. -- Isa 49:15,16. Unalienable. -- Ro 8:39. Constraining. -- Ho 11:4. Everlasting. -- Jer 31:3. Irrespective of merit -- De 7:7; Job 7:17. Manifested towards Perishing sinners. -- Joh 3:16; Tit 3:4. His saints. -- Joh 16:27; 17:23; 2Th 2:16; 1Jo 4:16. The destitute. -- De 10:18. The cheerful giver. -- 2Co 9:7. Exhibited in The g”
- Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Afflictions — God appoints -- 2Ki 6:33; Job 5:6,17; Ps 66:11; Am 3:6; Mic 6:9. God dispenses, as He will -- Job 11:10; Isa 10:15; 45:7. God regulates the measure of -- Ps 80:5; Isa 9:1; Jer 46:28. God determines the continuance of -- Ge 15:13,14; Nu 14:33; Isa 10:25; Jer 29:10. God does not willingly send -- La 3:33. Man is born to -- Job 5:6,7; 14:1. Saints appointed to -- 1Th 3:3. Consequent upon the fall -- Ge 3:16-19. Sin produces -- Job 4:8; 20:11; Pr 1:31. Sin visited with -- 2Sa 12:14; Ps 89:30-32; Isa 57:17; Ac 13:10,11. Often severe -- Job 16:7-16; Ps 42:7; ”
- 2 Corinthians (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on 2 Corinthians 4:16: For our light affliction,.... The difference between the present and future state of the saints is here expressed, the disparity between them shown, and the influence the one has upon the other. The present state is a state of "affliction". Affliction is the common lot of the children of men, but more especially of the children of God, and is here designed by "our" affliction; for these, besides their soul trouble, meet with such in the world, and from the men of it, others do not. Afflictions are appointed for them by their heavenly Father; provision is made f”
- CCEL/NPNF (Eastern Orthodox) “John Chrysostom, Homilies on John & Hebrews: 2 Cor. xii. 8–10 .) “Wherefore,” he says, “I take pleasure in infirmities, in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses, in stripes, in imprisonments, that the power of Christ may rest upon me.” Moreover, hear Christ Himself saying, “In the world ye shall have tribulation.” ( John xvi. 33 .) [6.] Ver. 3 . “For consider,” saith he, “Him that endured such contradiction of sinners against Himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds.” For if the sufferings of those near us arouse us, what earnestness will not those of our Master give us! What w”
- Psalms (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Psalms 119:149: RESH.--The Twentieth Part. RESH. Consider mine affliction, and deliver me,.... Or, "look upon mine affliction" (e); as in Psa 25:18. The Lord seems as if he did not, when he does not grant his gracious presence to his people; or does not arise to the help and deliverance of them so soon as they desire and expect: but he always sees and beholds their afflictions; he cannot do otherwise, since he is the omniscient God; and not only so, but he is the author, appointer, and orderer of them; yea, he looks upon them with an eye of pity and compassion, which is what is ”
- Psalms (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Psalms 112:4: Unto the upright there ariseth light in the darkness,.... Upright ones are sometimes in the darkness of affliction, under divine desertions, without spiritual joy, and in an uncomfortable condition; when on a sudden light arises to them, like break of day, or the morning light: they have deliverance from affliction, and enjoy prosperity; the light of God's countenance is lifted up on them; the sun of righteousness arises upon them with healing in his wings; and spiritual joy and comfort are communicated unto them. It may denote the comforts the people of God have ami”