Participation in Christ's Sacrificial Death and Atonement
Participation in Christ's Sacrificial Death and Atonement
The concept of participating in Christ's sacrificial death and atonement is rooted in the New Testament, particularly in Pauline theology. The Apostle Paul expresses this idea in Philippians 3:10, where he writes about wanting "to know Christ and the power of His resurrection and the fellowship of His sufferings, being conformed to Him in His death" [1]. This verse highlights the intimate connection between knowing Christ, experiencing His resurrection power, and sharing in His sufferings and death.
In the Reformed tradition, John Calvin interprets this participation as a mystical union with Christ, where believers are united with Christ's death and resurrection. Calvin's commentary on Isaiah emphasizes the believer's participation in Christ's sufferings and death as a key aspect of their union with Him [3, 4]. This understanding is also reflected in Calvin's broader theological works, where he articulates the doctrine of union with Christ as a central aspect of Reformed theology.
The Eastern Orthodox tradition, as represented by John Chrysostom, also emphasizes the importance of participating in Christ's sufferings and death. Chrysostom's homilies on various New Testament epistles highlight the believer's sharing in Christ's experiences, including His sufferings [5, 6]. This participation is seen as a means of conforming to Christ and experiencing the power of His resurrection.
The Protestant academic tradition, as seen in the Tyndale House commentary on Philippians, interprets Paul's statement in Philippians 3:10 as indicating that believers experience Christ's life and death through their union with Him. This commentary notes that this participation involves both a present experience of Christ's power and a future hope of resurrection [7].
The biblical basis for this concept is not limited to Philippians 3:10. Other passages, such as Romans 6:4-14 and Colossians 3:1-4, also emphasize the believer's union with Christ in His death and resurrection. II Timothy 2:3, which exhorts believers to "take thy part in suffering hardship, as a brave soldier of Christ Jesus," further underscores the idea of participating in Christ's sufferings [2].
The understanding of participation in Christ's sacrificial death and atonement has significant implications for Christian theology and practice. It underscores the idea that salvation is not merely a forensic declaration but a transformative union with Christ, where believers are conformed to His image through their participation in His experiences.
The historical development of this doctrine is closely tied to the patristic and Reformation periods, where theologians such as Chrysostom and Calvin articulated the nature of the believer's union with Christ. The doctrine continues to be a vital aspect of Christian theology, with various traditions interpreting and articulating its implications in distinct ways.
Sources
- Philippians “Philippians 3:10 (BSB) — I want to know Christ and the power of His resurrection and the fellowship of His sufferings, being conformed to Him in His death,”
- II Timothy “II Timothy 2:3 (Rotherham) — Take thy part in suffering hardship, as a brave soldier of Christ Jesus:—”
- CCEL (Reformed) “Calvin, Commentary on Isaiah, Vol. 2, section 53.2: 64:7 66:24 Jeremiah 4:31 5:8 5:28 7:4 7:4 9:1 10:23 10:24 10:24 11:21 17:1 17:5 18:16 19:6 19:8 22:24 22:28 25:9 25:13 25:18 28:10 28:11 30:11 31:15 43:2 48:2 50:11 Lamentations 1:7 2:5 2:8 3:29 Ezekiel 15:3 16:26 20:11 20:24 20:25 26:2 26:14 37:1 43:15 43:15 47:11 Daniel 5:28 5:30 5:31 7:10 7:17 8:20 Hosea 1:7 6:4 8:14 9:6 13:3 Joel 1:13 2:13 2:23 2:28 Amos 1:3 3:6 4:1 4:1 5:10 5:19 8:11 Micah 1:3 1:11 2:11 7:9 7:16 Nahum 3:8 Habakkuk 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:2 3:2 3:2 3:13 Zechariah 9:14 13:4 14:3 Malachi 1:4 1:11 4:2 Matthew 2:14 3:12 3:12 3:12 3:12 ”
- CCEL (Reformed) “Calvin, Commentary on Isaiah, Vol. 1, section 23.2: 62:10 65:20 65:24 Jeremiah 1:6 1:17 2:21 2:21 7:4 7:4 7:21 7:22 9:23-24 9:26 10:14 17:5 17:5 22:7 23:5 23:19 23:36 25:11-12 29:10 30:9 30:9 31:34 32:18 33:15 41:5 48:7 48:13 48:29 48:30 48:32 48:32 48:32 48:34 Lamentations 2:22 3:22 Ezekiel 4:16 13:9 18:20 20:22 34:23 34:23 36:25 37:11-12 37:16 37:24 37:24 47:1 47:1 Daniel 2:44 7:10 7:14 7:27 9:24 9:27 Hosea 2:5 2:13 2:18 2:19-20 2:23 3:4 3:5 6:6 13:11 14:2 14:9 Joel 2:31 2:32 2:32 Amos 2:4-5 3:11 5:11 5:18 5:20 5:21 6:11 9:11 9:11 Jonah 1:2 3:10 Micah 1:16 5:10 6:7-8 7:8 Habakkuk 1:16 2:2 2:”
- CCEL/NPNF (Eastern Orthodox) “John Chrysostom, Homilies on Galatians–Colossians–Thessalonians: Index of Scripture References Genesis 1:11 1:11 1:26 1:26 1:26 1:27 1:27 1:27 1:31 1:31 2:2 2:7 2:17 2:17 2:18 2:23 2:24 2:24 2:24 3:5 3:16 3:24 4 4:9 4:14 6:2 6:3 6:4 6:9 6:12 7:7 8:21 12:1 12:4 12:16 13:10 13:10-11 14:14 14:21-23 15:16 16:5 16:6 17:8 18:11 18:12 18:14 18:21 19:13 19:14 19:24 21:10 21:12 21:12 22:7-8 22:16 22:18 22:18 24:1-67 24:22 24:65 25:21 25:21 26:4 27:46 28:1 28:13 31:42 31:45 32:48 35:18 37:9-10 37:20 39:1 39:6 40:4 40:7 40:8 40:14-15 40:22 41 41:16 42:36 43:14 43:30 45:5 48:15-16 49:9 64:28 Exodus 2:11 2”
- CCEL/NPNF (Eastern Orthodox) “John Chrysostom, Homilies on John & Hebrews: Index of Scripture References Genesis 1:1 1:2 1:3 1:20 1:26 1:26 2:7 2:17 2:18 3:5 3:9 3:9 3:10 3:16 3:18 3:19 4:4 4:7 4:7 4:9 4:10 6:2 6:5 6:9 7:1 11:4 12:1 12:7 12:7 13:15 13:15 15:5 15:6 17:14 18 18 18:15 18:17 18:21 18:21 21:12 22:1 22:1-2 22:12 23:4 25:27 26:18-22 27:41 28:20 37:7 37:9 37:10 47:9 47:9 47:31 49:9 Exodus 2:14 2:14 2:14-15 3:6 3:14 6:9 12:3 12:46 14:21 17:12 17:12 19 19:16 19:16 19:18 19:19 19:19 19:19 19:20 19:20 20:9 20:13 20:19 20:21 23:3 32:10 33:13 33:20 35:23 Leviticus 15:18 Numbers 5 6:3 9:12 11:12 14:3 14:29 16:5 17:12 Deu”
- Philippians (Protestant academic) “Tyndale House on Philippians 3:10: 3:10 to know Christ: In knowing him, a person knows and is accepted by God (cp. 3:7-8; John 1:12-13; 17:3). • Believers experience the mighty power that raised him from the dead, both now and in eternity (see Rom 6:4-14; 8:10-11; Col 3:1-4). • to suffer with him, sharing in his death: Joined to Christ, a believer has the privilege of experiencing his life and death (see Phil 1:29; 2 Cor 4:10-12; Col 1:24; 1 Pet 4:13-16).”