The Providence of God in Decision Making Theology
The providence of God refers to God's continuous care, preservation, and governance over all creation, working through secondary causes [1, 2]. This concept is rooted in the belief that nothing occurs by chance, but rather everything is guided by God's will and counsel [6].
Biblically, God's providence is depicted as extending to the natural world, including animals (Psalm 104:14, 21-29; Matthew 6:26; 10:29) [1]. It also encompasses the affairs of humanity, from nations to individuals (1 Chronicles 16:31; Psalm 47:7; Proverbs 21:1; Job 12:23; Daniel 2:21; 4:25; 1 Samuel 2:6; Psalm 18:30; Luke 1:53; James 4:13-15) [1]. Even the free actions of individuals are understood to be within the scope of divine providence (Exodus 12:36; 1 Samuel 24:9-15; Psalm 33:14-15) [1]. For instance, Proverbs 16:33 states that while a lot may be cast to make a decision, its outcome is ultimately from the Lord [4]. Matthew Henry notes that this verse illustrates how divine providence orders and directs events that appear casual or fortuitous to humans [6].
The "counsel of the Lord" refers to God's eternal purposes and decrees, which are wisely formed and unfrustrable, relating to all aspects of providence and grace [7]. God's way of providence is considered "perfect" and "without spot," even when human understanding struggles to reconcile promises and providences [10]. John Gill emphasizes that God does all things according to the counsel of his will, whether in governing the world or in the salvation of humanity [7].
The concept of providence is closely related to predestination, which refers to God's eternal plan or purpose of salvation [3]. The Greek word for "predestinate" appears in passages like Romans 8:29-30 and Ephesians 1:5, 11, indicating that God's eternal, sovereign, and unconditional decree governs all events [3]. Jamieson, Fausset & Brown connect "foreknowledge" with "foreordaining love," seeing it as the origin and pattern for election, emphasizing that God's foreknowledge is not based on external factors but still allows for human liberty [8].
In the context of human decision-making, the understanding of God's providence suggests that while humans propose, God ultimately disposes [9]. This means that even when individuals make choices, the efficient ordering and ultimate outcome are from God [9]. Believers are encouraged to wait upon God as the God of providence, seeking guidance and protection, and trusting in the fulfillment of His word and promises [5].
Sources
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Providence — Literally means foresight, but is generally used to denote God's preserving and governing all things by means of second causes (Ps. 18:35; 63:8; Acts 17:28; Col. 1:17; Heb. 1:3). God's providence extends to the natural world (Ps. 104:14; 135:5-7; Acts 14:17), the brute creation (Ps. 104:21-29; Matt. 6:26; 10:29), and the affairs of men (1 Chr. 16:31; Ps. 47:7; Prov. 21:1; Job 12:23; Dan. 2:21; 4:25), and of individuals (1 Sam. 2:6; Ps. 18:30; Luke 1:53; James 4:13-15). It extends also to the free actions of men (Ex. 12:36; 1 Sam. 24:9-15; Ps. 33:14, 15; ”
- Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Providence of God, The — Is his care over his works -- Ps 145:9. Is exercised in Preserving his creatures. -- Ne 9:6; Ps 36:6; Mt 10:29. Providing for his creatures. -- Ps 104:27,28; 136:25; 147:9; Mt 6:26. The special preservation of saints. -- Ps 37:28; 91:11; Mt 10:30. Prospering saints. -- Ge 24:48,56. Protecting saints. -- Ps 91:4; 140:7. Delivering saints. -- Ps 91:3; Isa 31:5. Leading saints. -- De 8:2,15; Isa 31:5. Leading saints. -- De 8:2,15; Isa 63:12. Bringing His words to pass. -- Nu 26:65; Jos 21:45; Lu 21:32,33. Ordering the ways of men. -- Pr 16:9; 19”
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Predestination — This word is properly used only with reference to God's plan or purpose of salvation. The Greek word rendered "predestinate" is found only in these six passages, Acts 4:28; Rom. 8:29, 30; 1 Cor. 2:7; Eph. 1:5, 11; and in all of them it has the same meaning. They teach that the eternal, sovereign, immutable, and unconditional decree or "determinate purpose" of God governs all events. This doctrine of predestination or election is beset with many difficulties. It belongs to the "secret things" of God. But if we take the revealed word of God as our guid”
- Proverbs “Proverbs 16:33 (BBE) — A thing may be put to the decision of chance, but it comes about through the Lord.”
- Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Waiting Upon God — As the God of providence -- Jer 14:22. As the God of salvation -- Ps 25:5. As the Giver of all temporal blessings -- Ps 104:27,28; Ps 145:15,16. For Mercy. -- Ps 123:2. Pardon. -- Ps 39:7,8. The consolation of Israel. -- Lu 2:25. Salvation. -- Ge 49:18; Ps 62:1,2. Guidance and teaching. -- Ps 25:5. Protection. -- Ps 33:20; 59:9,10. The fulfillment of His word. -- Hab 2:3. The fulfillment of His promises. -- Ac 1:4. Hope of righteous by faith. -- Ga 5:5. Coming of Christ. -- 1Co 1:7; 1Th 1:10. Is good -- Ps 52:9. God calls us to -- Zep 3:8. Exhortat”
- Proverbs (Nonconformist/Puritan) “Matthew Henry on Proverbs 16:33: Note, 1. The divine Providence orders and directs those things which to us are perfectly casual and fortuitous. Nothing comes to pass by chance, nor is an event determined by a blind fortune, but every thing by the will and counsel of God. What man has neither eye nor hand in God is intimately concerned in. 2. When solemn appeals are made to Providence by the casting of lots, for the deciding of that matter of moment which could not otherwise be at all, or not so well, decided, God must be eyed in it, by prayer, that it may be disposed aright (Give a perfect lo”
- Psalms (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Psalms 33:11: The counsel of the Lord standeth for ever,.... By which are meant, not the doctrines of the Gospel, nor the ordinances of it; though these will stand firm, and remain to the end of the world; but the purposes and decrees of God, which are wisely formed in himself, are eternal and unfrustrable, and relate to all things in providence and grace. The Lord does all things according to the counsel of his will in the government of the world, and in the salvation of men: the choice of persons to everlasting life is according to it; and so are their redemption, effectual call”
- 1 Peter (Presbyterian) “Jamieson, Fausset & Brown on 1 Peter 1:2: foreknowledge--foreordaining love (Pe1 1:20), inseparable from God's foreknowledge, the origin from which, and pattern according to which, election takes place. Act 2:23, and Rom 11:2, prove "foreknowledge" to be foreordination. God's foreknowledge is not the perception of any ground of action out of Himself; still in it liberty is comprehended, and all absolute constraint debarred [ANSELM in STEIGER]. For so the Son of God was "foreknown" (so the Greek for "foreordained," Pe1 1:20) to be the sacrificial Lamb, not against, or without His will, but His ”
- Proverbs (Presbyterian) “Jamieson, Fausset & Brown on Proverbs 16 (introduction): (Pro. 16:1-33) preparations--schemes. in man--or literally, "to man," belonging, or pertaining to him. the answer . . . Lord--The efficient ordering is from God: "Man proposes; God disposes."”
- Psalms (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Psalms 18:29: As for God, his way is perfect,.... Or "without spot" (m), as the Septuagint render the word; without any just charge of inequality, or unrighteousness; such is God's way of providence, though sometimes his methods of providence are cavilled at by wicked men, and murmured at by his own people: they are at a loss, at times, to reconcile promises and providences together, and to account for the justice and equity of them; these ways of his are unsearchable, and not to be traced out by them; but when his judgments will be made manifest, the wisdom, goodness, and righteo”